Come parte del nostro processo di ricerca e sviluppo siamo alla continua analisi di nuove ricerche scientifiche che hanno applicazione nel mondo della preparazione atletica. In questo articolo abbiamo voluto condividere 6 degli articoli pubblicati nel mese di Febbraio 2022 tra le migliori riviste di sport scienze secondo la graduatoria SCImago. Gli articoli proposti sono stati selezionati a seguito di una ricerca condotta su google scholar digitando le seguenti parole chiave: Strength training”, “Resistance training”, “Endurance training”,” Sprint training”, “Aerobic training”, “Anaerobic training”.
- Lambert, C., Ritzmann, R., Lambert, S., Lachmann, D., Malliaropoulos, N. G., GEßLEIN, M., … & Shafizadeh, S. (2022). Prevalence of sport injuries in Olympic combat sports. A cross-sectional study examining one Olympic period. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (in-press).
Background: Due to full contact impacts in combat sports, the risk of injuries is elevated. The aim of this study is to report severe injuries among athletes in Olympic combat sports. Specific injury types, time loss, and the performance level after injury are examined. Methods: Survey to investigate injuries in Olympic combat sports during the time period from 2012-2016. Reported injuries were analyzed by anatomical location, injury type, gender, time loss, and performance level. Results: The three injuries resulting in the longest time loss (ACL rupture: judo= 37 weeks ; karate= 49 weeks ; shoulder dislocation: wrestling= 41 weeks ; shoulder rotator cuff injury: wrestling= 32weeks) also accounted for the largest proportion of athletes with career-ending injuries (ACL rupture: judo= 28% ; karate= 67% ; shoulder dislocation: wrestling= 40% ; shoulder rotator cuff injury: wrestling= 50%). Taekwondo and fencing had the shortest time loss (<12 weeks) among all combat sports. More injuries occurred during training (58%) as compared to competition (42%).Injury prevalence of competitive athletes was significantly higher as compared to recreational athletes. Male athletes suffered significantly more anterior cruciate ligament injuries (72% vs. 56% ; p < 0.05), unspecific shoulder injuries (89% vs. 47% ; p < 0.01), and elbow ligament injuries (57% vs. 30% ; p < 0.05) during training. Conclusions: The study shows that there are important differences between “punshing and kicking” and “throwing” martial arts in terms of specific injury types. In judo and wrestling, the injuries are more likely to affect the joints (knee and shoulder). Therefore, injury prevention these sports should focus on strength training of the muscles surrounding the joints and on defensive reactionary movements to avoid dangerous biomechanical joint angles. In “punshing and kicking” sports, injuries of the hands and feet, due to the large impact forces of strikes and kicks, could be reduced by improved protective equipment on hands and feet.
DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13334-7
- Nugent, F. J., Flanagan, E. P., Darragh, I., Daly, L., & Warrington, G. D. (2022). The Effects of High-Repetition Strength Training on Performance in Competitive Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research (in-press).
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of high-repetition strength training (HRST) on performance in competitive endurance athletes. The methodology followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis protocol. A search of databases was performed until December 2020. Inclusion criteria were (a) competitive endurance athletes, (b) ≥4 weeks HRST intervention, (c) control or comparison group, (d) outcome measures of performance (either physiological or time trial performance), and (e) all experimental designs. Quality assessment was performed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Of the 615 studies retrieved, 11 studies were included (216 subjects) and 9 studies provided sufficient data for the meta-analysis (137 subjects). The PEDro scale score had a mean of 5 of 10 points (range: 3–6). There was no significant difference between the HRST and control groups (g = 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.38 to 1.07; p = 0.35) or HRST and low-repetition strength training (LRST) groups (g = 0.24; 95% CI = −0.24 to 0.72; p = 0.33). The findings of this review and meta-analysis indicate that HRST does not result in improved performance over a 4- to 12-week period, and the results seem to be similar to LRST. The majority of studies involved recreational endurance athletes and had a mean duration of 8 weeks, which is a limitation of the findings. Future intervention studies should be > 12 weeks in duration and involve well-trained endurance athletes (maximal oxygen uptake [V[Combining Dot Above]O2max] of >65 ml·kg−1·min−2).
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004217
- Fone, L., & van den Tillaar, R. (2022). Effect of Different Types of Strength Training on Swimming Performance in Competitive Swimmers: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine-Open, 8(1), 1-26.
Background: Strength training is widely used in swimming for improvement in performance. There are several ways to embark on strength training, which to different degrees follows the principle of specificity. There are disagreements in the literature on which training methods lead to the greatest performance improvements and to what degree resistance training must be specific to swimming to transfer to swimming performance. Objective: The study was undertaken to examine (1) how different approaches to strength training for competitive swimmers can improve swimming performance and (2) which form of strength training resulted in the largest improvement in swimming performance. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the following databases: PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus. Studies were eligible if they met the following criteria: (1) a training intervention lasting longer than 3 weeks that investigates the effects strength training has on swimming performance, (2) involves youth or older experienced swimmers, (3) involves in-water specific resistance training, dry-land swim-like resistance training or non-specific dry-land strength training and (4) interventions with clear pre- and posttest results stated. Non-English language articles were excluded. Percent change and between-group effect size (ES) were calculated to compare the effects of different training interventions. Results:
A range of studies investigating different strength training methods were examined. The percent change in performance and between-group ES were calculated; 27 studies met the inclusion criteria. The review revealed no clear consensus on which method of strength training was the most beneficial to swimming performance. All methods had intervention groups that increased their swimming performance. Conclusions: This review shows that swimming differs from other sports as it is performed in water, and this demands a specific way of training. The results show that a combined swimming and strength training regimen seemed to have a better effect on swimming performance than a swim-only approach to training. Based on the principle of specificity and gains in swimming performance, there is not a clear conclusion, as the three main methods of strength training revealed similar gains in swimming performance of 2–2.5%.
DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00410-5
- Deldicque, L. (2022). Does Normobaric Hypoxic Resistance Training Confer Benefit over Normoxic Training in Athletes? A Narrative Review. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 1-9.
Purpose: The aim of the present review was to focus on normobaric hypoxic resistance training and to discuss to what extent this method can be efficient for athletes to potentiate classical adaptations to resistance training and thereby performance. Methods: Search terms related to the topic of the present review such as normobar*, hypox*, resistance exercise, resistance training and performance were inserted in Pubmed and Scopus. In total, 16 articles made the core of this narrative review. Results: Based on the available literature, 2–3 sessions a week performed in hypoxic conditions for 4–6 weeks with a FiO2 of 0.14–0.15 should recommended to athletes looking at potentiating the effects of resistance training. A large range of loads has been found to be efficient at inducing physiological effects in hypoxic vs normoxic conditions, from 20% to 90% of the 1-RM. Ideally, at least the last set should be performed to failure, if not all. Also, inter-set rest periods should be around 30 s for low-load exercise (30%–40% 1-RM), around 60 s for moderate-load exercise (60%–70% 1-RM) and 2 min for high-load exercise (85%–90% 1-RM). Conclusion: While there is no one size fits all and certainly no guarantee of added value over normoxic training, each athlete looking at potentiating the effects of resistance training should try to implement some sessions in hypoxic conditions. Based on the individual response, subtle improvements may be expected on muscle strength and mass, velocity and power, as well as hormonal responses to resistance training.
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-021-00159-5
- de Keijzer, K. L., Gonzalez, J. R., & Beato, M. (2022). The effect of flywheel training on strength and physical capacities in sporting and healthy populations: An umbrella review. PloS one, 17(2), e0264375.
The aim of this umbrella review was to provide a detailed summary of how flywheel training enhances strength and physical capacities in healthy and athletic populations. The eleven reviews included were analyzed for methodological quality according to the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Review 2 (AMSTAR 2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Two were systematic reviews, six were systematic reviews with meta-analyses and three were narrative reviews. Although the included reviews support use of flywheel training with athletic and healthy populations, the umbrella review highlights disparity in methodological quality and over-reporting of studies (38 studies were included overall). Flywheel post-activation performance enhancement protocols can effectively enhance strength and physical capacities acutely with athletes and healthy populations. All relevant reviews support flywheel training as a valid alternative to traditional resistance training for enhancing muscular strength, power, and jump performance with untrained and trained populations alike. Similarly, reviews included report flywheel training enhances change of direction performance—although conclusions are based on a limited number of investigations. However, the reviews investigating the effect of flywheel training on sprint performance highlight some inconsistency in attained improvements with elite athletes (e.g., soccer players). To optimize training outcomes, it is recommended practitioners individualize (i.e., create inertia-power or inertia-velocity profiles) and periodize flywheel training using the latest guidelines. This umbrella review provides an analysis of the literature’s strengths and limitations, creating a clear scope for future investigations.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264375
- Berriel, G. P., Cardoso, A. S., Costa, R. R., Rosa, R. G., Oliveira, H. B., Kruel, L. F. M., & Peyré-Tartaruga, L. A. (2022). Does Complex Training Enhance Vertical Jump Performance and Muscle Power in Elite Male Volleyball Players?. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(aop), 1-8.
Purpose: The authors aimed to compare the effects of 4 weeks jump versus complex training methods on lower limb muscle power and maximal isokinetic torque of knee extensors and flexors in elite male volleyball players. Methods: Sixteen male volleyball players were allocated into 2 groups, jump training (n = 8; 27.0 [5.7] y, 94.3 [7.6] kg) and complex training (with induction of postactivation performance enhancement, n = 8; 26.6 [3.6] y, 94.2 [6.3] kg). All individuals performed jump training 2 sessions/wk, and the complex group received induction training with postactivation performance enhancement and jump training. Results: After 4 weeks, an increase in countermovement jump height (jump: 49.0 [1.2] to 52.7 [2.1] cm and complex: 49.2 [1.1] to 53.3 [1.9] cm; P = .009) and power (jump: 29.5 [1.1] to 34.3 [1.4] W and complex: 30.4 [0.9] to 34.4 [1.08] W; P = .001) was observed without significant differences between groups and without significant group × time interaction (P > .05). Also, no significant difference was observed between and within groups for the isokinetic peak torque at low speeds (60 and 180°s), although total muscle work and knee extensor/flexor ratio increased from pretraining to posttraining at 300° seconds similarly in both groups. Conclusion: The findings indicate that jump performance and power, knee extensor/flexor ratio, and total muscle work increased after 4 weeks of jump and complex training. However, the inclusion of heavy resistance stimulus did not elicit any additional improvements in the vertical jump performance and isokinetic strength of elite volleyball players.
DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0187
